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Canopy: Upper & lower sail forming an airfoil; divided into cells by internal walls for pressure balance.
Suspension Lines: A, B, C, D (and sometimes E rows). Front lines carry ~80% of the load.
Risers: Connect lines to harness; modern wings use 3–4 risers per side.
Brake System: Brake handles attached to rear risers control trailing edge.
Real vs. Projected Surface: Projected area is smaller and used for wing‑loading calculations.
Span: Tip‑to‑tip distance.
Glide Ratio: Horizontal distance per unit of height lost.
Wing Load: Total flight weight divided by projected surface (affects speed, stability, sink rate).
Chord & Aspect Ratio: Determine aerodynamic efficiency.
Camber & Trim: Line lengths set angle of attack; incorrect trim affects safety (stall risk, launch behavior).
Must maintain 10 cm of free travel hands‑off.
Too short = high stall risk.
Too long = poor flare and control.
Avoid line twists; use swivels if needed.
Speed Bar reduces angle of attack → higher speed, increased collapse risk.
Never use speed bar near ground or in turbulence.
Trim Tabs (common in paramotors): adjust angle of attack for cruise speed and torque compensation.
Beginner / School Wings: Maximum stability & forgiveness.
Intermediate: Higher performance; require active piloting.
Competition: For expert pilots only; high risk for inexperienced pilots.
Wings tested under EN / CE / DHV standards.
APPI requires certified wings for examinations.
Classes: A (beginner), B (mid), C (advanced), D/competition.
Should match pilot skill and flight style.
Key factors:
Suspension height (affects stability)
Seatboard width
Weight‑shift response
Reserve placement
Pod harnesses = higher performance but greater twist risk.
T‑safety line mandatory for tandem passengers.
No knots in rescue webbing connections.
No shoulder‑mounted reserve pockets.
Maximum harness lifespan: 10 years.
Fabrics: Polyamide or polyester with UV‑sensitive coatings.
Rip‑Stop fabric resists tearing.
Lifespan: 300–500 hours depending on UV exposure & care.
Line Types:
Dyneema (more elastic, low heat tolerance)
Kevlar/Aramid (low stretch, sensitive to bending)
Canopy: Tears, internal damage, correct size/load.
Lines: Check for sheath damage, knots, tangles.
Harness: Straps, buckles, karabiners.
Reserve: Handle & pin secure.
Helmet: EN966 certified.
Fabric porosity tests.
Line length measurement (change >1 cm requires retrim).
Carabiners replaced every 3 years.
Reserve repacked every 6 months.
Clean only with warm water (no chemicals).
Store dry, away from sunlight, heat, moisture, and chemicals.
Do not fly with wet equipment.
Variometer (altitude & climb/sink rate).
Anemometer (ground wind & airspeed).
GPS‑enabled flight instruments for advanced tasks.
Protective clothing, gloves, ankle‑supporting boots.
EN966 certified helmet (open‑face recommended for visibility & wind sensitivity).
Mandatory on many sites; essential safety device.
Must be repacked every 6 months.
Maximum lifespan: 10 years.
Use when:
Mid‑air collisions
Irrecoverable spins
Spiral dive lock‑ins
Equipment failure
Low‑altitude large collapse
Deployment steps: Look → Grab → Pull → Throw → Disable main wing.
Canopy: Upper & lower sail forming an airfoil; divided into cells by internal walls for pressure balance.
Suspension Lines: A, B, C, D (and sometimes E rows). Front lines carry ~80% of the load.
Risers: Connect lines to harness; modern wings use 3–4 risers per side.
Brake System: Brake handles attached to rear risers control trailing edge.
Real vs. Projected Surface: Projected area is smaller and used for wing‑loading calculations.
Span: Tip‑to‑tip distance.
Glide Ratio: Horizontal distance per unit of height lost.
Wing Load: Total flight weight divided by projected surface (affects speed, stability, sink rate).
Chord & Aspect Ratio: Determine aerodynamic efficiency.
Camber & Trim: Line lengths set angle of attack; incorrect trim affects safety (stall risk, launch behavior).
Must maintain 10 cm of free travel hands‑off.
Too short = high stall risk.
Too long = poor flare and control.
Avoid line twists; use swivels if needed.
Speed Bar reduces angle of attack → higher speed, increased collapse risk.
Never use speed bar near ground or in turbulence.
Trim Tabs (common in paramotors): adjust angle of attack for cruise speed and torque compensation.
Beginner / School Wings: Maximum stability & forgiveness.
Intermediate: Higher performance; require active piloting.
Competition: For expert pilots only; high risk for inexperienced pilots.
Wings tested under EN / CE / DHV standards.
APPI requires certified wings for examinations.
Classes: A (beginner), B (mid), C (advanced), D/competition.
Should match pilot skill and flight style.
Key factors:
Suspension height (affects stability)
Seatboard width
Weight‑shift response
Reserve placement
Pod harnesses = higher performance but greater twist risk.
T‑safety line mandatory for tandem passengers.
No knots in rescue webbing connections.
No shoulder‑mounted reserve pockets.
Maximum harness lifespan: 10 years.
Fabrics: Polyamide or polyester with UV‑sensitive coatings.
Rip‑Stop fabric resists tearing.
Lifespan: 300–500 hours depending on UV exposure & care.
Line Types:
Dyneema (more elastic, low heat tolerance)
Kevlar/Aramid (low stretch, sensitive to bending)
Canopy: Tears, internal damage, correct size/load.
Lines: Check for sheath damage, knots, tangles.
Harness: Straps, buckles, karabiners.
Reserve: Handle & pin secure.
Helmet: EN966 certified.
Fabric porosity tests.
Line length measurement (change >1 cm requires retrim).
Carabiners replaced every 3 years.
Reserve repacked every 6 months.
Clean only with warm water (no chemicals).
Store dry, away from sunlight, heat, moisture, and chemicals.
Do not fly with wet equipment.
Variometer (altitude & climb/sink rate).
Anemometer (ground wind & airspeed).
GPS‑enabled flight instruments for advanced tasks.
Protective clothing, gloves, ankle‑supporting boots.
EN966 certified helmet (open‑face recommended for visibility & wind sensitivity).
Mandatory on many sites; essential safety device.
Must be repacked every 6 months.
Maximum lifespan: 10 years.
Use when:
Mid‑air collisions
Irrecoverable spins
Spiral dive lock‑ins
Equipment failure
Low‑altitude large collapse
Deployment steps: Look → Grab → Pull → Throw → Disable main wing.